evapoRe

Akbar Rahmati Ziveh, Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy, Vishal Thakur, Yannis Markonis

2023-06-13

The evapoRe package developed as part of the ITHACA project at the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czechia. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the download, exploration, visualization, and analysis of evapotranspiration (ET) data. Additionally, evapoRe offers the functionality to calculate various Potential EvapoTranspiration (PET) methods.

Before We Start

Like many other R packages, evapoRe has some system requirements:

Data

evapoRe database hosts 10 different ET data sets; one satellite-based, four reanalysis, and five hydrological model products. Their native specifications, as well as links to their providers, and their respective references are detailed in the following subsections. We have already homogenized, compacted to a single file, and stored them in a Zenodo repository under the following naming convention:

<data set>_<variable>_<units>_<coverage>_<start date>_<end date>_<resolution>_<time step>.nc

The evapoRe data collection was homogenized to these specifications: * <variable> = evapotranspiration (e) * <units> = millimeters (mm) * <resolution> = 0.25° * <time step> = monthly

E.g., ERA5 (Hersbach et al. 2020) would be:

era5_e_mm_global_195901_202112_025_monthly.nc

Satellite-Based Products

Spatial Coverage
Data Set Spatial Resolution Global Land Ocean Temporal Resolution Record Length Get Data Reference
GLEAM V3.0 0.25° x Monthly 1980/01-2021/12 Download Martens et al. (2017)

Reanalysis Products

Spatial Coverage
Data Set Spatial Resolution Global Land Ocean Temporal Resolution Record Length Get Data Reference
ERA5-Land 0.1° x Monthly 1960/01-2022/12 Download Muñoz-Sabater et al. (2021)
ERA5 0.25° x x x Monthly 1959/01-2021/12 Download Hersbach et al. (2020)
JRA-55 1.25° x Monthly 1958/01-2021/12 Download Kobayashi et al. (2015)
MERRA-2 0.5° x 0.625° x Monthly 1980/01-2023/01 Download Gelaro et al. (2017)

Hydrological Models

Spatial Coverage
Data Set Spatial Resolution Global Land Ocean Temporal Resolution Record Length Get Data Reference
FLDAS 0.1° x Monthly 1982/01-2022/12 Download McNally et al. (2017)
GLDAS CLSM V2.1 1° x Monthly 2000/01-2022/11 Download Rodell et al. (2004)
GLDAS NOAH V2.1 0.25° x Monthly 2000/01-2022/11 Download Rodell et al. (2004) and Beaudoing and Rodell (2020)
GLDAS VIC V2.1 1° x Monthly 2000/01-2022/11 Download Rodell et al. (2004)
TerraClimate 4\(km\) x Monthly 1958/01-2021/12 Download Abatzoglou et al. (2018)

Demo

In this introductory demo we will first download the FLDAS data set. We will then subset the downloaded data over Central Europe for the 2001-2010 period, and crop it to the national scale for Czechia. In the next step, we will generate time series for our data sets and conclude with the visualization of our data.

NOTE: While the functions in evapoRe are intended to work directly with its data inventory. It can handle most other ET data sets in “.nc” format, as well as any other “.nc” file generated by its functions.

Installation

Note: To download the latest version of evapoRe, please make sure you have the devtools package installed. You can install evapoRe by running the following command in R:

devtools::install_github("AkbarR1184/evapoRe")
library(evapoRe)

Download

Downloading the entire data collection or only a few data sets is quite straightforward. You just call the download_data function, which has four arguments data_name, path, domain, and time_res.

Let’s download the fldas data set and inspect its content with show_info:

download_data(data_name = 'fldas')
fldas_global <- raster::brick('fldas_e_mm_land_198201_202212_025_monthly.nc')
show_info(fldas_global)
[1] "class      : RasterBrick "                                         
[2] "dimensions : 720, 1440, 1036800, 492  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)"
[3] "resolution : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)"
[4] "extent     : -180, 180, -90, 90  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)"
[5] "crs        : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 "
[6] "source     : fldas_e_mm_land_198201_202212_025_monthly.nc "
[7] "names      : X1982.01.01, X1982.02.01, X1982.03.01, X1982.04.01, X1982.05.01, X1982.06.01, X1982.07.01, X1982.08.01, X1982.09.01, X1982.10.01, X1982.11.01, X1982.12.01, X1983.01.01, X1983.02.01, X1983.03.01, ... "
[8] "Date/time  : 1982-01-01, 2022-12-01 (min, max)"
[9] "varname    : e "

Processing

Once we have downloaded our database, we can start processing the data with:

Subset

To subset our data to a desired region and period of interest, we use the subset_spacetime function, which has four arguments data, years, bbox, and autosave.

  • data is the path to the data set of interest or a RasterBrick object.
  • years is the period of interest in the form (start_year, end_year)
  • bbox is the bounding box of the region of interest with the coordinates in degrees in the form (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax).
  • autosave is set to FALSE by default. If TRUE data will be automatically stored in the same location of the input file.

Let’s subset the fldas data set over Central Europe (2,28,42,58) for the 2001-2010 period, and inspect its content with show_info:

fldas_subset <- subset_spacetime(fldas_global, years = c(2001, 2010), bbox = c(2,28,42,58))
show_info(fldas_subset)
[1] "class      : RasterBrick "
[2] "dimensions : 64, 104, 6656, 120  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)"
[3] "resolution : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)"
[4] "extent     : 2, 28, 42, 58  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)"
[5] "crs        : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 "
[6] "source     : memory"
[7] "names      :  X2001.01.01,  X2001.02.01,  X2001.03.01,  X2001.04.01,  X2001.05.01,  X2001.06.01,  X2001.07.01,  X2001.08.01,  X2001.09.01,  X2001.10.01,  X2001.11.01,  X2001.12.01,  X2002.01.01,  X2002.02.01,  X2002.03.01, ... "
[8] "min values : -3.7794194221, -0.4208407104, -0.5045991540, -0.0572454371, -0.0005709816,  0.0000000000,  0.0000000000,  0.0000000000, -0.3487000465, -1.6532191038, -0.4017279446, -2.5777058601, -2.6171388626, -0.3143836856, -0.2774783075, ... "
[9] "max values :      56.90099,      69.52248,     113.14240,     125.60358,     174.75136,     190.40407,     189.30975,     155.39180,      99.69257,      76.16212,      62.63054,      47.89834,      40.91222,      68.70403,      99.67541, ... "
[10] "time       : 2001-01-01, 2010-12-01 (min, max)"

Crop

To further crop our data to a desired polygon other than a rectangle, we use the crop_data function, which has three arguments x, shp_path, autosave.

  • x is the path to a “.nc” data set file or a RasterBrick object.
  • shp_path is the path to a “.shp” file that we want to use to crop our data.
  • autosave is set to FALSE by default. If TRUE data will be automatically stored in the same location of the input file.

Let’s crop our fldas subset to cover only Czechia with the respective shape file, and inspect its content with show_info:

fldas_cz <- crop_data(fldas_subset, shp_path = "gadm41_CZE_0.shp")
show_info(fldas_cz)
[1] "class      : RasterBrick "
[2] "dimensions : 64, 104, 6656, 120  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)"
[3] "resolution : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)"
[4] "extent     : 2, 28, 42, 58  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)"
[5] "crs        : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 "
[6] "source     : memory"
[7] "names      : X2001.01.01, X2001.02.01, X2001.03.01, X2001.04.01, X2001.05.01, X2001.06.01, X2001.07.01, X2001.08.01, X2001.09.01, X2001.10.01, X2001.11.01, X2001.12.01, X2002.01.01, X2002.02.01, X2002.03.01, ... "
[8] "min values :   2.8995819,   0.3797975,   3.0552430,   2.6468999,   2.3843012,   8.8729420,  10.6661291,   6.5048337,   3.1765358,   1.2650596,   2.0705938,   4.3670325,   8.1393061,   2.2920027,   1.8019267, ... "
[9] "max values :    19.11826,    33.55016,    46.44899,    67.51703,   154.64659,   127.61076,   148.00507,   130.79279,    60.39583,    39.82825,    25.54001,    22.27194,    30.96886,    35.84626,    53.87944, ... "
[10] "time       : 2001-01-01, 2010-12-01 (min, max)"

PET calculation

First we need to download temperature data. To to this we will use temperature data from the Zenodo repository:

NOTE: Temperature data available at the moment is limited to monthly and covers only the land domain. The data source used for this information is TerraClimate.

we use the download_terraclimate function, which has four arguments variable, folder_path, time_res, and domain.

  • variable is the variable name in which t stands for tavg, tmin, and tmax.
  • path is set to “.” by default. I.e., the current working directory.
  • domain is set to “raw” by default, but you can specify the domain of your interest only. E.g., “ocean” for ocean only data sets (For availability please check the Data section).
  • time_res is set to “monthly” by default, but if you prefer you can also download annual data with “yearly”.
download_terraclimate(variable = "t", folder_path = ".")

This will download temperature data in following naming convention e.g.,

terraclimate_tavg_land_19580101_20221231_025_monthly.nc

pet_calc function is calculating PET from various method. “hs” for Hargreaves Samani method (Hargreaves and Samani 1982), “od” for Oudin method (Oudin et al. 2005), “mb” for McGuinness and Bordne method (McGuinness and Bordne 1972), “jh” for Jensen Haise method (Jensen and Haise 1963), and “br” for Baier and Robertson (Baier and Robertson 1965).

Calculate PET by Oudin method

Let’s calculate PET from Oudin method. Then, same as fldas we can subset it over Central Europe for the 2001-2010 period, and Czechia and inspect its content with show_info:

tavg_brick <- raster::brick("terraclimate_tavg_land_19580101_20221231_025_monthly.nc")
pet_oudin_global <- pet_calc(method = "od", tavg = tavg_brick)
show_info(pet_oudin_global)
[1] "class      : RasterBrick "
[2] "dimensions : 720, 1440, 1036800, 780  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)" 
[3] "resolution : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)"
[4] "extent     : 2, 28, 42, 58  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)"
[5] "crs        : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs "
[6] "source     : memory"
[7] "names      : X1958.01.01, X1958.02.01, X1958.03.01, X1958.04.01, X1958.05.01, X1958.06.01, X1958.07.01, X1958.08.01, X1958.09.01, X1958.10.01, X1958.11.01, X1958.12.01, X1959.01.01, X1959.02.01, X1959.03.01, ... "
[8] "min values :           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0,           0, ... "
[9] "max values :    211.0769,    183.8832,    180.3431,    181.3188,    208.0041,    219.7289,    233.0501,    226.3481,    191.6451,    182.9314,    191.2556,    208.2998,    216.5920,    182.6839,    189.2202, ... "
[10] "Date/time  : 1958-01-01, 2022-12-01 (min, max)"
pet_oudin_subset <- subset_spacetime(pet_oudin_global, years = c(2001, 2010), bbox = c(2,28,42,58))
show_info(pet_oudin_subset)
[1] "class      : RasterBrick "
[2] "dimensions : 64, 104, 6656, 120  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)"
[3] "resolution : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)"
[4] "extent     : 2, 28, 42, 58  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)"
[5] "crs        : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs "
[6] "source     : memory"
[7] "names      : X2001.01.01, X2001.02.01, X2001.03.01, X2001.04.01, X2001.05.01, X2001.06.01, X2001.07.01, X2001.08.01, X2001.09.01, X2001.10.01, X2001.11.01, X2001.12.01, X2002.01.01, X2002.02.01, X2002.03.01, ... "
[8] "min values :   0.0000000,   0.0000000,   0.0000000,   0.0000000,  29.6826839,  35.2862740,  56.8655243,  59.6474762,  18.5679646,  21.9732304,   0.0000000,   0.0000000,   0.0000000,   0.0000000,   0.0000000, ... "
[9] "max values :    27.54286,    30.60882,    56.41196,    71.91792,   123.63754,   144.49162,   172.22604,   164.48526,   104.05064,    82.26010,    42.09394,    24.42895,    23.70211,    33.02557,    53.42158, ... "
[10] "time       : 2001-01-01, 2010-12-01 (min, max)"
pet_oudin_cz <- crop_data(pet_oudin_subset, shp_path = "gadm41_CZE_0.shp")
show_info(pet_oudin_cz)
[1] "class      : RasterBrick " 
[2] "dimensions : 64, 104, 6656, 120  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)"
[3] "resolution : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)"
[4] "extent     : 2, 28, 42, 58  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)" 
[5] "crs        : +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs "
[6] "source     : memory"  
[7] "names      : X2001.01.01, X2001.02.01, X2001.03.01, X2001.04.01, X2001.05.01, X2001.06.01, X2001.07.01, X2001.08.01, X2001.09.01, X2001.10.01, X2001.11.01, X2001.12.01, X2002.01.01, X2002.02.01, X2002.03.01, ... "
[8] "min values :    1.656290,    3.878582,   11.940824,   28.756351,   71.201210,   79.335274,  104.388397,   97.543289,   49.243000,   36.703739,    7.096017,    0.000000,    1.901990,    7.945362,   14.307798, ... "
[9] "max values :   5.0574903,   9.8281002,  26.4252815,  48.3378906,  97.8983765, 108.8017654, 135.4944000, 125.5629272,  67.6883392,  48.5421448,  13.8211985,   3.3882675,   5.2703271,  13.7232389,  26.8243675, ... "
[10] "time       : 2001-01-01, 2010-12-01 (min, max)"

Generate Time series

Time series for global ET products

To make a time series out of our data, we use the make_ts function, which has two arguments data, and autosave.

  • data is the path to a “.nc” data set file or a RasterBrick object.
  • name is the short name of a data set. E.g., ‘fldas’.
  • autosave is set to FALSE by default. If TRUE data will be automatically stored in the same location of the input file.

Let’s generate the time series for our three different fldas data sets (Global, Central Europe, and Czechia), and inspect its first 12 rows:

fldas_global_ts <- make_ts(fldas_global, name="fldas")
head(fldas_global_ts, 12)
 date    value  name          type
 1: 1982-01-01 40.01818 FLDAS Model forcing
 2: 1982-02-01 39.05691 FLDAS Model forcing
 3: 1982-03-01 45.63258 FLDAS Model forcing
 4: 1982-04-01 48.38817 FLDAS Model forcing
 5: 1982-05-01 56.04541 FLDAS Model forcing
 6: 1982-06-01 59.48527 FLDAS Model forcing
 7: 1982-07-01 63.42378 FLDAS Model forcing
 8: 1982-08-01 58.08678 FLDAS Model forcing
 9: 1982-09-01 47.53051 FLDAS Model forcing
10: 1982-10-01 43.30959 FLDAS Model forcing
11: 1982-11-01 39.14826 FLDAS Model forcing
12: 1982-12-01 39.41859 FLDAS Model forcing
fldas_subset_ts <- make_ts(fldas_subset, name="fldas")
head(fldas_subset_ts, 12)
          date     value  name          type
 1: 2001-01-01  14.47523 FLDAS Model forcing
 2: 2001-02-01  24.55700 FLDAS Model forcing
 3: 2001-03-01  43.77176 FLDAS Model forcing
 4: 2001-04-01  61.23033 FLDAS Model forcing
 5: 2001-05-01 112.55881 FLDAS Model forcing
 6: 2001-06-01 114.57058 FLDAS Model forcing
 7: 2001-07-01 116.47619 FLDAS Model forcing
 8: 2001-08-01  79.83941 FLDAS Model forcing
 9: 2001-09-01  50.78079 FLDAS Model forcing
10: 2001-10-01  32.62168 FLDAS Model forcing
11: 2001-11-01  20.41700 FLDAS Model forcing
12: 2001-12-01  13.59456 FLDAS Model forcing
fldas_cz_ts <- make_ts(fldas_cz, name = "fldas")
head(fldas_cz_ts, 12)
          date     value  name          type
 1: 2001-01-01  12.23963 FLDAS Model forcing
 2: 2001-02-01  23.80942 FLDAS Model forcing
 3: 2001-03-01  36.08155 FLDAS Model forcing
 4: 2001-04-01  50.36031 FLDAS Model forcing
 5: 2001-05-01 105.76477 FLDAS Model forcing
 6: 2001-06-01  95.73339 FLDAS Model forcing
 7: 2001-07-01  99.95880 FLDAS Model forcing
 8: 2001-08-01  80.05314 FLDAS Model forcing
 9: 2001-09-01  42.28572 FLDAS Model forcing
10: 2001-10-01  24.04546 FLDAS Model forcing
11: 2001-11-01  15.01222 FLDAS Model forcing
12: 2001-12-01  12.39291 FLDAS Model forcing

Time series for calculated PET

Let’s generate the time series for our three different PET calculated by Oudin method (Global, Central Europe, and Czechia), and inspect its first 12 rows:

pet_oudin_global_ts <- make_ts(pet_oudin_global, name = "terraclimate")
head(pet_oudin_global_ts, 12)
        date     value         name          type
1  1958-01-01  61.30534 TerraClimate Model forcing
2  1958-02-01  57.55157 TerraClimate Model forcing
3  1958-03-01  69.26975 TerraClimate Model forcing
4  1958-04-01  75.33172 TerraClimate Model forcing
5  1958-05-01  88.64012 TerraClimate Model forcing
6  1958-06-01  97.28295 TerraClimate Model forcing
7  1958-07-01 107.45549 TerraClimate Model forcing
8  1958-08-01 102.36428 TerraClimate Model forcing
9  1958-09-01  86.36096 TerraClimate Model forcing
10 1958-10-01  76.35980 TerraClimate Model forcing
11 1958-11-01  64.49735 TerraClimate Model forcing
12 1958-12-01  61.64263 TerraClimate Model forcing
pet_oudin_subset_ts <- make_ts(pet_oudin_subset, name = "terraclimate")
head(pet_oudin_subset_ts, 12)
               date      value         name          type
 1: 2000-01-01   2.665469 TerraClimate Model forcing
 2: 2000-02-01   9.319429 TerraClimate Model forcing
 3: 2000-03-01  19.722206 TerraClimate Model forcing
 4: 2000-04-01  52.197863 TerraClimate Model forcing
 5: 2000-05-01  87.489379 TerraClimate Model forcing
 6: 2000-06-01 110.380165 TerraClimate Model forcing
 7: 2000-07-01 107.296700 TerraClimate Model forcing
 8: 2000-08-01 111.219882 TerraClimate Model forcing
 9: 2000-09-01  65.276298 TerraClimate Model forcing
10: 2000-10-01  42.080404 TerraClimate Model forcing
11: 2000-11-01  16.396132 TerraClimate Model forcing
12: 2000-12-01   6.029927 TerraClimate Model forcing
pet_oudin_cz_ts<- make_ts(pet_oudin_cz, name = "terraclimate")
head(pet_oudin_cz_ts, 12)
         date      value         name          type
 1: 2000-01-01   2.643555 TerraClimate Model forcing
 2: 2000-02-01   9.312819 TerraClimate Model forcing
 3: 2000-03-01  19.611606 TerraClimate Model forcing
 4: 2000-04-01  51.935105 TerraClimate Model forcing
 5: 2000-05-01  87.271313 TerraClimate Model forcing
 6: 2000-06-01 110.079202 TerraClimate Model forcing
 7: 2000-07-01 106.833477 TerraClimate Model forcing
 8: 2000-08-01 110.965007 TerraClimate Model forcing
 9: 2000-09-01  65.153299 TerraClimate Model forcing
10: 2000-10-01  41.721005 TerraClimate Model forcing
11: 2000-11-01  16.031256 TerraClimate Model forcing
12: 2000-12-01   5.822190 TerraClimate Model forcing

Visualize

Either after we have processed our data as required or right after downloaded, we have six different options to visualize our data for more information refer to visualisation section of pRecipe:

Maps

To see a map of any data set raw or processed, we use plot_map which takes only one layer of the RasterBrick as input.

plot_map(fldas_global[[1]]) 
plot_map(pet_oudin_global[[289]]) 

plot_map(fldas_subset[[1]])
plot_map(pet_oudin_subset[[1]])

plot_map(fldas_cz[[1]])
plot_map(pet_oudin_cz[[1]])

Time Series Visuals

To draw a time series generated by make_ts, we use any of the options below, which takes only a make_ts “.csv” generated file.

Lineplots

# Plotting globals
p01<- plot_line(fldas_global_ts, var = "Evapotranspiration")
p02<- plot_line(pet_oudin_global_ts, var = "Potential Evapotranspiration")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 1)

# Plotting subsets
p01<- plot_line(fldas_subset_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_line(pet_oudin_subset_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

# Plotting cz
p01<- plot_line(fldas_cz_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_line(pet_oudin_cz_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

Heatmap

# Plotting globals
 plot_heatmap(fldas_global_ts)

 plot_heatmap(pet_oudin_global_ts)

# Plotting subsets
p01<- plot_heatmap(fldas_subset_ts)
p02<- plot_heatmap(pet_oudin_subset_ts)
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2, common.legend = TRUE, legend = "right")

# Plotting cz
p01<- plot_heatmap(fldas_cz_ts)
p02<- plot_heatmap(pet_oudin_cz_ts)
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2, common.legend = TRUE, legend = "right")

Boxplot

# Plotting globals
p01<- plot_box(fldas_global_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_box(pet_oudin_global_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

# Plotting subsets
p01<- plot_box(fldas_subset_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_box(pet_oudin_subset_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

# Plotting cz
p01<- plot_box(fldas_cz_ts, var = "ET" )
p02<- plot_box(pet_oudin_cz_ts, var = "PET" )
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

Density plots

# Plotting globals
p01<- plot_density(fldas_global_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_density(pet_oudin_global_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

# Plotting subsets
p01<- plot_density(fldas_subset_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_density(pet_oudin_subset_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

# Plotting cz
p01<- plot_density(fldas_cz_ts, var = "ET")
p02<- plot_density(pet_oudin_cz_ts, var = "PET")
ggpubr::ggarrange(p01, p02, ncol = 2)

Summary

NOTE: For good aesthetics we recommend saving plot_summary with ggsave(<filename>, <plot>, width = 16.3, height = 15.03).

plot_summary(fldas_global_ts, var = "Evapotranspiration")
#plot_summary(fldas_subset_ts)
#plot_summary(fldas_cz_ts)

plot_summary(pet_oudin_global_ts, var = "Potential Evapotranspiration")
#plot_summary(pet_oudin_subset_ts)
#plot_summary(pet_oudin_cz_ts)

Coming Soon

We will introduce significant enhancements to ET database and PET calculation methods. This expansion builds upon our existing temperature-based approach and incorporates a radiation-based PET calculation methods, along with an expanded range of temperature-based methods. Our aim is to provide users with a more comprehensive and accurate estimation of ET and PET, catering to a broader range of applications and requirements.

References

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